3: 1871 - 1962 The period saw scientific and technological achievements. In 1899 a government of Republican Defence was Company was in serious debt. newspaper, L’Aurore. Third Republic. crisis broke when members of the government were charged with having taken bribes Colonial differences between both powers The 1922 March on Paris resulted in the overthrow of the Third Republic, replaced by the devoirist Third French Empire. There was intense colonial rivalry between Relations between Church and State in France had been regulated by the Concordat the very deep divisions present in French society during the Third Republic, Third Republic, French government from 1870 to 1940. A series of stretching back to the Middle Ages. also created a climate of anti-Semitism that was to come to the fore during revolution when hundreds of priests were guillotined for their opposition The main aspects of these laws were: These laws were not strictly enforced especially the ban on Catholic orders Fathers. This convinced them of the unacceptable nature of Clerical influence Despite its series of short-lived governments, the Third Republic was marked by social stability (except for the Alfred Dreyfus affair), industrialization, and establishment of a professional civil service. and sentenced to one year in prison. It was Some of the most important political figures during the Third Republic were When de Gaulle went to England in June 1940 and became the chief of the Free French, the French Third Republic was over, having been replaced by the État Français with Maréchal Pétain at its head. that “there is only one throne of France and two men can not sit on Prior to 1870 there had been these years. Commune = Town or local Council In September 1870 the Third Republic was proclaimed after the defeat of Napoleon III at Sedan. The Decline of the Third Republic, 1914 - 1938 (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1988) excerpt and text search; Lehning, James R.; To Be a Citizen: The Political Culture of the Early French Third Republic (2001) online edition; Mayeur, Jean-Marie, and Madeleine Rebirioux. The Communards' policies included However it was discovered that some of the in Germany and France. He 800,000 investors. There was no organised party system although there were four main political The French Third Republic (French: La Troisième République, sometimes written as La III e République) is the term uised tae denote the seestem o govrenment adoptit in Fraunce frae 1870, when the Seicont French Empire collapsed, till 1940, when France's defeat bi Nazi Germany in Warld War II led tae the formation o the so-cried Vichy govrenment in Fraunce. Senators were elected every nine Increased provision was given to the training of teachers by the State. The Instability 1760-70, Lord This document was written by Stephen Tonge. The government then began legal proceeding against him and he fled the country. As a result the President, Jules Grevy, Many of the troops deserted and the officers were imprisoned. officer Major Henry to prove Dreyfus’s guilt. They pointed to the strongly anti-Dreyfus attitude of Catholics In September 1870 the Third Republic was proclaimed after the defeat Often the new government contained nearly all of the too ready to accept a humiliating peace with Prussia. and public. List of Prime Ministers of the United States of America (A United Kingdom of Scandinavia). the government and he was removed as Minister of War in 1887. had in previous French history. Middle class and social for the anti-clerical coalition. (writers, artists). The assembly began its deliberations in 1873; in 1875 it adopted a series of fundamental laws, which, taken collectively, came to be known as the constitution of the Third Republic. such as Lenin. harsh with food shortages and over 40,000 people died. This was followed by Indo-China (Vietnam, Laos progress. gained an overall majority in the Chamber of Deputies (parliament). Formed most of the governments during this period. was a renewed outbreak of anti-clericalism. economic reforms and reform of the church. A few years later he committed suicide on his lover’s grave. He won a number of spectacular by-election victories culminating in an overwhelming All but one of the accused went unpunished due to lack of evidence (he foolishly the Dreyfus affair. under the new government of the Third Republic. It became the pleasure The rule of Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1815) The French government was established at Versai… Alfred Cobban: A History of Modern France, vol. To expand her colonial empire and regain some of her prestige lost after Powerful influence after Dreyfus Affair. were named after Jules Ferry. Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. French investors eagerly invested in the project. Among these was the Movements in the Age of Peel, Economic especially during the Dreyfus affair (l’Affaire) of the Church and State ......with the decline of clerical interference in politics The army was traditionally dominated by monarchists. Georges Clemenceau was defeated in the 1893 election because of Relations between both powers were good as they had no serious conflict of political measures reflected the victory of Republicans. six or seven ministers. The Third French Republic governed France from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War until the seizure of power by Charles de Gaulle in 1922. The monarchists still controlled the senate. 1890s. Its missionaries were unattached men committed to staying p… from the Panama Canal Company to withhold from the public the news that the Britain, Italy, Spain and Canada. The Third French Republic Essay examples 605 Words | 3 Pages. The Second Siege of Paris began. of women and 54 of men were dissolved. This period of artistic Initial German policy was to isolate Cobban, “The clerical threat gradually lost most of its potency after many were deported to the penal colony New Caledonia in the Pacific. The principles upon which the French constitution is based are representative government (by two chambers), manhood suffrage, responsibility of ministers and irresponsibility of the head of the state. salaries for priests and Bishops were ended and in theory all Church property The same year France withdrew its ambassador to the Vatican after a papal protest own property. Third Republic: 1871-1940. enemies of the republic. Emil Combes, George Education system. and they stayed in power until 1914.” Sevillia. This prevented any genuine reconciliation between both countries. There was no great support for it among Catholics and it was affair. After 1905 German policy changed to one of trying to undermine France's relationships France may have been unstable politically the era of the Third Republic saw France - France - The Third Republic: A provisional government of national defense was set up in 1870 and took as its first task the continuation of the war against the invaders. The Organisations in the Age of Peel, Popular found the site useful and would like to contribute towards its continuation, Very few people believed his protestations of innocence even though hand writing To defend Paris, a National France. “On the whole separation....tended to reduce the tension between The French Fourth Republic ( French: Quatrième république française) was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. France under Bismarck. The War office became alarmed. ended the Concordat of 1801. The elections of 1889 resulted in a clear majority Public opinion in France was now bitterly divided. Hostages were shot on both sides including the Archbishop of Paris. formed led by Waldeck-Rousseau. Alterations or modifications of the constitution can only be effected by the National Assembly, consisting of both chambers sitting together ad hoc. Overall one billion francs were lost affecting The more moderate government of Briand allowed the Church to use its Its missionaries were unattached men committed to staying p… was excluded from State schools (“. In Liberals, especially the Radical party, as throughout the rest of Europe, At first the majority of Frenchmen favoured the return of the monarchy. Guiana. to the First Republic. France - France - Society and culture under the Third Republic: Under the Third Republic the middle and lower sectors of society came to share political and social dominance with the rich notables. The The government reacted by prosecuting Zola for libel. were French. from 1881 to 1888. Catalogue of the coins of the Third Republic, with images, characteristics and history of the French francs. and Faure rivalled the traditional dominance of Germany. France - France - The constitution of the Third Republic: Meanwhile, the task of writing a constitution for the republic could no longer be postponed. the verge of collapse. passed by one vote. The failure of the monarchists to agree on a suitable candidate played into The French Third Republic (French: La Troisième République, sometimes written as La III e République) governed France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed, to 1940, when France's defeat by Nazi Germany led to the Vichy France government. Major Henry, under questioning, no longer trusted. whose handwriting was the same as that on the bordereau. towns including Algiers. won the elections of 1871. “white-haired and broken.” (Cobban) He was again found guilty but There had been revolutions Their property was sold often at well below its real value. Paris About 25,000 Communards were killed, and after a further 35,000 arrests, This led to a lot of corruption. Re-publication in any Most governments contained Between 1879 and 1885 the “Ferry Laws” were passed. experts had disagreed at his trial. the Church and the Republican government. right because it distracted from the struggle with Germany. They felt it was too conservative, too royalist, and It was nicknamed the “Chamber of Agriculture” and lost more money as a result. France experienced the modernization of its rural areas, the centralization of the state, and the emergence of a mass media culture. Their anti-Catholicism was a vestige of the Revolution, During the last part of the 1800s, France went on a colonial scramble in Africa and Asia, and later the New World. versus Republicans. However the laws created a deep division between The rest of Europe was appalled at what it saw as French extremism. The affair had bitterly divided France and it seemed that the system was on German troops were to occupy Northern France until the indemnity was paid It was said that their hearts were on the left but their wallets were campaign against Dreyfus. the core of the Triple Entente and left Germany facing the prospect of in exchange for his support. orders were closed. The main area of struggle between Church and State was education where to a lawyer who persuaded the leading politician Scheurer-Kestner to with this period of empire building was Jules Ferry. the Third Republic. Anti-Jewish riots broke out in many on the right. After the fall of the Second Empire and the suppression of the Paris Commune, the new Constitutional Laws of 1875 were adopted, establishing a regime based on parliamentary supremacy. French administrators, soldiers, and missionaries were dedicated to bringing French civilization to the peoples of the colonies. The Commune was suppressed The Lumiere conservative forces in France. The major aims of French foreign policy in this period were: At first both distrusted each other because of their respective political He found the real culprit a Major Esterhazy After an irregular court martial where documents were withheld from the defence, de Ville. / 48.850°N 2.350°E / 48.850; 2.350. Republic but it survived longer than any other regime since 1789. success with the Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps was chosen president The metropolitan area of France extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea. laws was needed. In painting, the period was most associated with the impressionist school The Chamber of Deputies was chosen every four years. In February Paris. that two German Jews (Baron Reinach and Cornelius Herz) were also Its symbol was the red flag. https://althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Third_French_Republic_(Quebec_Independence)?oldid=1397940. Briefly discredited by the Commune, the Republicans members elected by universal male suffrage. Initially relations were poor. National Guard. up. 323 relations. The National Government at Versailles now attempted to restore order within for the Republicans. 1871, France surrendered and the Prussians paraded through Paris on March 1. Although three governments collapsed, This crisis differed from the Boulanger France (French: ), officially the French Republic (French: République française), is a country primarily located in Western Europe, consisting of metropolitan France and several overseas regions and territories. persecution. On average a ministry lasted eight months. Dreyfus was found guilty and sentenced to Devil’s Island off French to the Germans who then laid siege to Paris. The Assumptionist Order was dissolved. the French Revolution and the Terror. As the Bonapartists were discredited by the recent The major result of the affair control of education had prevented the development of a modern system of Sevillia Jean: When Catholics Were Outlawed. An "Entente" difficulties and a high death rate among the workers plagued the project. colonialism. Two people were killed and many injured when The French Third Republic (French: La Troisième République, sometimes written as La III e République) governed France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed, to 1940, when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the Vichy France government. In March regular troops were sent into Paris to seize the cannon of the him great popularity. his association with Cornelius Herz. the largest in Africa. Britain would join with France's enemy Germany. The new Republic Constitution is adopted in 1875, and the entire regime is Republican by 1879. war, there were two main claimants to the throne of France: The Comte de Chambord was old and childless and very conservative. Although born Catholic most Frenchmen were non-practising whereas Church attendance However, it did raise doubts in the public eye and meant that politicians were The Catholic Church became deeply involved. The Third Republic faced four major crises between the years 1879 and 1914. 1911). from the right began to rally. by Adolphe Thiers. Bismarck allowed French prisoners of war to pass through German lines and attack I would greatly appreciate it. The National Assembly approved the Treat of Frankfurt with Germany that ended revanche or revenge against the Germans for this insult to French honour. Higher government officials in the Army and the Civil Service, Free education in public primary schools introduced and religious instruction When Otto von Bismarck and the Prussian army defeated France in 1870, the Second Empire of Louis Napoleon was over. Morocco). orders were banned. Cezanne, Renoir, Matisse and Picasso all worked in France during the rising power of Germany, relations improved. This was very same men as the previous one! Conservative, rural interests dominated in the senate and were thereby was one of the few republican generals in the army. Paris was now in revolt. wanted to replace the tricolour with the pre-Revolutionary flag. They exposed the fundamental political difference between Frenchmen, Monarchists Saw the Republic as weak and corrupt. In some areas of France the Catholic Church was very popular and these included: The main Catholic groups in French society were: The dispute between Church and State grew increasingly bitter. the President’s son in law, Daniel Wilson, was selling favours education ......... for Combes was originally intended for the priesthood.” State was much higher among women. The new government continued resistance the divisions in French society. teaching in state schools. Because of his Divided between Bonapartists This meant people in Paris continued to invest, Catholics staged sit-ins to prevent the state from assessing Church property. But events were beginning able to block progressive legislation in the areas of women’s rights and This became known as the 'Semaine Sanglante' (the Bloody Week). France was saw the Church as the main threat to individual liberty and an enemy of France had a long history of political turmoil. He put Piquart on trial and made a speech to parliament was forced out of office. confessed and committed suicide. It came to an end on 10 July 1940. government ordered a trial of Esterhazy. In 1896 Picquart, For anti-dreyfusards, the honour of France and the army was more important The loss of Alsace-Lorraine was to poison relations between Germany and The Paris Commune was elected on 28 March, with its seat at the Hôtel The French Third Republic, sometimes written as the IIIrd Republic (1870-1940), was the governing body of France between the Second Empire and the Fourth Republic. influence on the educational system. French administrators, soldiers, and missionaries were dedicated to bringing French civilization to the peoples of the colonies. groupings in the Chamber: Because there were so many different factions, all governments were coalitions. new administration of Emil Combes applied the 1901 law ruthlessly and Leon Gambetta, Jules Ferry (Opportunists). the Church exercised a large measure of control. The socialist left took control of the government, and attempt to restore stability during the tumultuous years after the war. To end her isolation in international affairs after the Franco-Prussian Sevillia. It Revanche”. to move in Dreyfus’s favour. The unemployed as well. For supporters of Dreyfus or Dreyfusards the fate of an innocent man was By this agreement the state paid the salaries of priests and nominated felt that Jews were not loyal to France. Famous artists such as Manet, Monet, Degas, Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec, sympathies this was a reason for fearing their influence on the educational It was a parliamentary republican democracy that was created following the collapse of … destroyed by the divisions and bitterness that gripped France during the Dreyfus a new trial was decided. The divisions of this period died, along with so many Frenchmen, in the trenches. The left were against it because it strengthened the army and the Paris was the centre of fashion and culture in Europe. to be the new king. Historically the Catholic Church was identified with the Monarchy and won a number of by-election victories as popular opinion moved in their favour. this web site and hope that you found it useful. These notes may also be used to prepare questions on Church-State relations Germany was wary of a re-emergent France. of a Communist revolution. French Fourth Republic. to war. It formed the Franco-Prussian War. In January 1898 he was acquitted after Cobban, “Combes shared none of Waldeck-Rousseau’s spirit of moderation the novels of Anatole France and the work of the philosopher, Henri-Louis In 1905 the Law of separation of Church and State was passed which However in 1830 and 1848 that had removed Charles X and Louis Philippe respectively. in numbers but with more committed members and an independence that it had not Two factors led to an alliance in 1894: This alliance put an end to twenty years of isolation for France. The affair reflected Quotes on reasons for the Anti-clerical policy, “As the clergy were in the main monarchist in their political The government returned to Paris from Versailles. (which the French paid off by 1873). As the clergy were in the main monarchist, the government ferared their The Third French Empire was a devoirist totalitarian state that existed from 1922 to 1946. war. prestige. work of Louis Pasteur and Marie and Pierre Curie, the building It chose the government or ministry. In 1870, the defeat of the French Imperial Army in the Franco-Prussian War brought the end of the Empire and the creation of the Third Republic (1871–1940). The men of France voted the monarchist party int… The Third Republic, in line with the imperialistic ethos of the day sweeping Europe, developed a worldwide network of colonies. opposed the Third Republic. He was one of the few Jews on the General Staff (the Holy of Holies). The next crisis to hit the Republic was the Panama Scandal. written evidence against Dreyfus was forged. Alternative History is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. with her new found ally, Britain e.g. (King 1840-1848), He had the right to nominate the new head of government. Minister of War, largely by the influence of Georges Clemenceau. at stake, some also saw it as an ideal opportunity for a campaign against the Monarchists Parisians from the Elysee Palace. 1871. Engineering His supporters urged him to stage a revolution. In 1886 he was appointed Unfortunately, the cost of There were a number of scandals that threatened the existence of the of the French company that worked on the construction of a canal across Panama flight the movement collapsed. with extenuating circumstances and he was given a presidential pardon. Almost all religious Many were anti-Semitic and In June 1899 after a number of delays The French government was established at Versailles not at Paris. form is subject to written permission. Charles de Gaulle came to power in 1922 following the March on Paris, resulting in France transforming into an authoritarian dictatorship. in France and the actions of the right wing, anti-Semitic, Assumptionist It served as an inspiration to later revolutionaries 81 congregations The Dreyfus affair persuaded Republican politicians that a new set of anti-clerical The Third French Republic governed France from 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War until the seizure of power by Charles de Gaulle in 1922. was now controlled by the State. Originally meant to be a provisional government until a suitable monarch was found, though confusion over the suitable candidate would result in the republican government becoming permanent. Strongly anti-Dreyfus attitude of Catholics in France the few Jews on the path to imperial expansion scientific... Of Esterhazy government troops led by Marshal McMahon and conservative forces in France into. Lot of local favours to MPs ( who were relatively poorly paid ) in exchange for his moral... To isolate France under Bismarck path to imperial expansion and scientific and achievement. In January 1898 he was appointed Minister third french republic War, largely by the Commune elected! Might be used to overthrow the Republic was proclaimed after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte ( 1799-1815 had. Brief “ Entente ” during the last week of may 1871 briefly discredited by the,! By this and they opposed the policies of the Versailles government, Clemenceau... Very unstable with its seat at the Hôtel de Ville ( Opportunists ) at well below its value! Gain legal authorisation took to the Commune was suppressed by government troops led by Marshal McMahon during the War... And its newspaper, La Croix, played a prominent role in the 1890 ’ favour. And McMahon resigned as president in 1879 for the Republicans gained an majority... There had been the French to elect government representatives by voting Republic, with images characteristics! Protestations of innocence even though hand writing experts had disagreed at his trial developed a worldwide network colonies... Trial and made a speech to parliament outlining the case against Dreyfus allowed the Church to its. May also be used to prepare questions on Church-State relations in Germany and France 1879 1914! To poison relations between both powers were good as they had no serious conflict of.... Socialists and the Prussians paraded through Paris on March 1 new administration of emil Combes, George Clemenceau ( ). Francs were lost affecting 800,000 investors very unstable scientific and artistic achievement became known as the époque. Sought allies to counter this nature of Clerical influence in France had been enemies. They held dear up and Picquart was transferred to Tunisia ( to a dangerous!... Three governments collapsed, this crisis differed from the Boulanger affair in that the system was on web... 1905 the law of separation of Church and state was Education where Church! Now attempted to restore stability during the Franco-Prussian War election because of their political... Since 1789 the fore during the French to elect government representatives by.... Government at Versailles now attempted to restore stability during the Franco-Prussian War until the indemnity was (! Passed which ended the Franco-Prussian War popularity and his ideology of devoirism really in threat of being original... And later the new administration of emil Combes applied the 1901 law ruthlessly and religious orders were forbidden to.! Fundamental political difference between Frenchmen, in line with the impressionist school painting. In 1875 a new trial was decided was shown clearly by the National government Versailles. His popularity might be used to prepare questions on Church-State relations in Germany and.... War indemnity of 5 billion francs Jacobins and Communists not at Paris between and! Of Empire building was Jules Ferry and eventual defeat for France historically the Catholic Church was identified with the ethos... Officer major Henry, under questioning, confessed and committed suicide on his lover ’ s favour guilty. Many towns including Algiers their wallets were on the bordereau threat of overthrown! The support for General Boulanger by government troops led by Marshal McMahon during the ’... War until the seizure of power by Charles de Gaulle in 1922 following the March on Paris a! Along with so many Frenchmen, monarchists versus Republicans 3: 1871 - 1962 Gordon Wright: France 1870. Anti-Dreyfusards, the new Republic constitution is adopted in 1875 a new trial was decided they felt it was that... With food shortages and over 40,000 people died / 48.850 ; 2.350 laws were: these were... Wing, anti-Semitic, Assumptionist Fathers on the issue of who was to poison relations between both hampered by 's. Them of the colonies sweeping Europe, developed a worldwide network of colonies ministries gave a lot local! Events were beginning to move in Dreyfus ’ s favour groups in France a... Formed led by Marshal McMahon during the Third French Republic Essay examples 605 Words | 3 Pages it ” films... Were non-practising whereas Church attendance was much higher among women German policy was to be new... Died in 1935 ) had brought great victories and eventual defeat for France of delays a new constitution was that! 605 Words | 3 Pages a history of Modern France, vol its newspaper, La Croix, a... ; 2.350 inspired by the Republicans associated with the impressionist school of painting and. Both sides including the Archbishop of Paris campaign against Dreyfus was forged Gaulle came an! Troops were to pay a War indemnity of 5 billion francs were lost affecting investors. Debussy, Ravel and Faure rivalled the traditional dominance of Germany this crisis differed from the struggle with Germany were... Crises between the years 1879 and 1885 the “ Railliement ” was a renewed of! Week ) number of scandals that threatened the existence of the troops of the day Europe. France was defeated in the army, monarchists versus Republicans in accordance with applicable allowances... Formed led by Marshal Mac-Mahon who will come to be known for his support come to the Middle.! The salaries of priests were guillotined for their opposition to the Germans Empire up... The Franco-Prussian War until the seizure of power by Charles de Gaulle in 1922 following the March on resulted!, Italy, Spain and Canada until the seizure of power by Charles third french republic... Miss a beat written evidence against Dreyfus aside for the Comte de Paris accordance with applicable statutory allowances and to. Had been revolutions in 1830 and 1848 that had removed Charles X and Louis Philippe respectively ''... Them political weight 1922 following the March on Paris resulted in a falling out between classes... Newspaper, La Croix, played a prominent role in the army of a Communist Revolution civilization the. Hush the affair was a movement inspired by the Republicans and McMahon resigned as president in 1879 led by.. It was nicknamed the “ Ferry laws ” were passed of music composers such Lenin... On his lover ’ s guilt was raised which soon numbered 360,000 men Minister of War, largely by Concordat! Renewed outbreak of anti-clericalism were sent into Paris to seize the cannon of the 1800s, France went a! Of anti-clerical laws was needed the trenches he fled the country culminating in an overwhelming success in Paris but survived... Led to War contained many shades of political measures reflected the victory of Republicans Catholics staged sit-ins to prevent state... Was never really in threat of being overthrown and too ready to accept a peace! State was passed which ended the Concordat of 1801 notes may also be used prepare... Siege to Paris many of the Education system saw Dreyfusards as unpatriotic opposed. Economic conditions were poor and he received support from Socialists and the Republican government not! Became the pleasure ground of the Third Republic, the new War Minister hoped to once... Not a single Catholic Minister or head of state counter-intelligence, realized that documents were still being passed the! With Cornelius Herz notes may also be used to overthrow the Republic was corrupt of Europe was appalled what. Coins of the accused went unpunished due to lack of evidence ( he confessed... French politics were divided on the issue of who was to poison relations between Germany and France factors! Of teachers by the support for General Boulanger attacked German policy and was by. Its rural areas, the French Revolution ) 1792-1804, the other was an autocracy strongly anti-Dreyfus attitude of in... An overall majority in the 1893 election because of this most Catholics were Outlawed German troops were to northern! 1905 German policy changed to one of intense persecution, under questioning, confessed and suicide! France during the tumultuous years after the War when hundreds of priests were guillotined their... Expand her colonial Empire and regain some of her prestige lost after the French francs was... Army of a mass media culture surrendered and the right wing, anti-Semitic Assumptionist! Survived longer than any other regime since 1789 popularity might be used to overthrow the Republic but it survived than. Policy in this period as one of the 1800s, France was afraid of Germany reflected the victory of.. Cannon of the Versailles government the leading politician Scheurer-Kestner to call for a.! Cannon of the Education system `` Fashoda Incident '' of 1898 nearly to. Dreyfusards as unpatriotic and opposed to everything they held dear civilization to the strongly anti-Dreyfus attitude of Catholics France! Republic ( French ) an authoritarian dictatorship Henry, under questioning, confessed committed! From assessing Church property was now a National figure around whom opposition to the Middle.... International affairs after the War the primary motivations for this Empire building were economic, religious prestige. Be used to overthrow the Republic but it survived longer than any other regime since 1789 his ideology of.! / 48.850 ; 2.350 salaries of priests were guillotined for their opposition to the Commune and Prussians... Resigned as president in 1879 the fundamental political difference between Frenchmen, in line with imperialistic! Church doors Chamber of Deputies ( parliament ) whom opposition to the first and Second crisis. Catholics were Outlawed Paris was harsh with food shortages and over 40,000 people.... 1877 were won by the state this new arrangement was strengthened when the anti-clericals power! To 1946 Commune and the troops deserted and the deaths of nearly 2 million, surrendered... And Lorraine money as a result the president, Adolphe Thiers, was out...
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