Compare with: cinquefoil, hexafoil, octafoil, trefoil, triconch. Perhaps the most interesting and immersive example of the trefoil in architecture is the Mercedes-Benz Museum. Log in here for access. (topology) A particular knot of five crossings. The place to learn your naves from your buttresses. A group of seaports of southeast England that formed a maritime and defensive association in the 11th century. A gable or facade with a decorative shape characteristic of traditional Dutch architecture. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. a charge in the form of a five-leaved clover. They all have used the imagery of a trefoil. Select a subject to preview related courses: Trefoil geometry was used as an organizational strategy by UN Studio for the Mercedes-Benz Museum in Stuttgart, Germany. Study.com has thousands of articles about every tympanum - a panel above a main portal, or doorway, usually heavily decorated. A trefoil is commonly thought of as a symbol of three intersecting circles, such as the bio-hazard symbol. - Definition & Uses, What is a Cyclorama? Economic, Fiscal & Trade Policy in the U.S. California Sexual Harassment Refresher Course: Supervisors, California Sexual Harassment Refresher Course: Employees. The number of foils reflects the shape of a figure, as in trefoil, quatrefoil, cinquefoil. _uacct = "UA-4155640-1"; Architecture. Early Saxon abaci are frequently simply ~ ed, but sometimes grooved as in the crypt at Repton (fig. Also called quinquefoil, quintefoil. Illustrated courses that prepare you to earn Heraldry. Sociology 110: Cultural Studies & Diversity in the U.S. CPA Subtest IV - Regulation (REG): Study Guide & Practice, Properties & Trends in The Periodic Table, Solutions, Solubility & Colligative Properties, Electrochemistry, Redox Reactions & The Activity Series, Distance Learning Considerations for English Language Learner (ELL) Students, Roles & Responsibilities of Teachers in Distance Learning. Depiction of the five-petaled flower appears as early as 1033, in the architecture of the church built in the village of Reulle-Vergy (Burgundy, France), two years before the reign of William the Conqueror. quotations ▼ (heraldry) A stylized flower or leaf with five lobes. cinquefoil: Any of various herbs or shrubs chiefly of the genus Potentilla of the rose family, native to northern temperate regions and having yellow or sometimes white or red flowers and compound leaves that in some species bear five leaflets. | {{course.flashcardSetCount}} The space between the cusps in Gothic architecture; a rounded or leaflike ornament, in windows, niches, etc. Archit., Civ. Heraldry "In heraldry, the cinquefoil emblem or "potentilla" signified strength, power, honor and loyalty. Foils come in many shapes and sizes; also popular and widely used in architecture is the Quatrefoil, which has 4 leaves. Quoin A plan of the building reveals just how the three leaves contain distinct programs of the building and the overlapping zone is a spacious atrium. Western architecture: Romanesque …was a quadrangular court, or cloister, provided with arcaded walks, or “alleys,” and placed beside the nave of the church. The symbolism of three … It was adopted as ornamentation to churches during the Middle Ages. Much used in the nineteenth-century Gothic revival. Salaam Bombay! Elliptical arches form an elliptical curve, and, sometimes, it is a curve that is not a true ellipse, but rather, a combination of circular arcs from either three or five centers. credit by exam that is accepted by over 1,500 colleges and universities. - Definition & Buildings, Marquetry: Definition, Techniques & Design, Facade in Architecture: Definition & Design, What is a Baptismal Font? Some A solid piece of masonry used to support a projecting part of a structure, for example, the supports that connect a bridge with a river bank. To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page. Define Architectural work. Architecture 1 science or art of building. Trompe l’oeil Painted decoration with natural shadows designed to ‘deceive the … Coffer A coffer, in architecture, is a sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon that serves as a decorative device, usually in a ceiling or vault. Sciences, Culinary Arts and Personal For other uses, see Cinquefoil (disambiguation). transept - in cathedral architecture, the north and south projections or "arms" of the cross. Working Scholars® Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Visit the Architectural Design & History page to learn more. 1,315 Likes, 70 Comments - Isha ईशा ایشا (@desidrapes) on Instagram: “सलाम बॉम्बे! While the Gothic style can vary according to location, age, and type of building, it is often characterized by 5 key architectural elements: large stained glass windows, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and ornate decoration. The top of the gable is shaped like a church bell. Pros & Cons of Getting a PhD in Chemistry, Become a Fashion Manufacturer Career Guide, Public School Teacher Education and Career Roadmap, What Can You Do With a Masters in Reading Education, Trefoil in Architecture: Definition & Design, WEST Middle Level Humanities (Subtests 1 & 2)(052/053): Practice & Study Guide, MTTC Social Studies (Secondary)(084): Practice & Study Guide, MTLE Social Studies: Practice & Study Guide, High School World History Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, Western Europe Since 1945 for Teachers: Professional Development, CLEP History of the United States I: Study Guide & Test Prep, Humanities Survey for Teachers: Professional Development, American History Since 1865: Tutoring Solution, Post-Civil War U.S. History: Help and Review, DSST The Civil War & Reconstruction: Study Guide & Test Prep, Elijah P. Lovejoy the Abolitionist: Quotes & Biography, Florence Kelley & Jane Addams on Child Labor, Quiz & Worksheet - Reform Era China & Its Economic Policy, Quiz & Worksheet - Politics & Notable Events in Modern China, Quiz & Worksheet - Potential for China to Become a Democracy, Quiz & Worksheet - China's Government Structure, Quiz & Worksheet - Political Institutions in China. Wikipedia:Potentilla. Also called caissons, or lacunar. Services. Mosque architecture is the form familiar to many in the West. Gothic architecture is a european style of masonry that values height intricacy sizable windows and exaggerated arches. a panellike ornament consisting of five lobes, divided by cusps, radiating from a common center. You can test out of the 1) and in the arcade of the refectory at Westminster Abbey. There are three kinds of such stylized foliated decoration: trefoil, quatrefoil, and cinquefoil, or three-, four-, and five-lobed leaves. Definitions for "Foil" Keywords: trefoil, quatrefoil, cusps, tracery, cinquefoil. One can imagine elongating the foils of the triconchos to create the Transepts, Alter, and Nave of the traditional cruciform church. The cinquefoil bears bright yellow colored flowers from May to August in the fall. The Trefoil is a very stimulating image because of its dynamism, which is why it has been adopted in so many logos and symbols. Architecturally, the usage is most notable on medieval cathedrals using triptych imagery to reinforce Christian beliefs. A foil is an architectural device based on a symmetrical rendering of leaf shapes, defined by overlapping circles of the same diameter that produce a series of cusps to make a lobe. However, the arch of this bridge is not an efficient form, as the lobes disrupt the structural continuity of the arch and are purely ornamental. Facet definition: A facet of something is a single part or aspect of it. So what is a trefoil? The cinquefoil (from the french, five-part) is a five petaled rose found mainly in Christian design and architecture of the Middle Ages. Tracery and the trefoil can be seen on both the Triforium and Clerestory windows in Gothic churches. They are usually called cinquefoils in English, but they have also been called five fingers and silverweeds. 2. the employment of formulas and decorative techniques with an emphasis upon the subordination of utility in order to stress perfection of form. Colleges with Architecture Design Programs: How to Choose, Associate of Arts in Interior Architecture and Design: Degree Overview, Architecture Studio Design Course Information and Overview, Christian Colleges with Architecture Majors, Bachelor of Architecture Vs. BS in Architecture: How to Choose, Architecture Internships: A Guide for Students. The three circles and the resultant void in the center was the basis for the triangular atrium and semicircular gallery spaces staged around it. and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you. The Triconchos used the trefoil as a plan in early Christian churches. The abacus in Norman work is square where the columns are small; but on larger piers it is sometimes octagonal, as at Waltham Abbey. The Notre Dame de Reims Cathedral is perhaps the finest example of French Gothic architecture, and has many examples of trefoils in its tracery. What is the area of a trefoil whose horizontal base has length 2? {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons In architecture, a quatrefoil plan is a four lobed structure in which the walls represent four leaves or petals with a dome on top. A window or wall ornamented with foils is referred to as foiled. A quatrefoil has four leaves, a cinquefoil five. The cinquefoil emblem was used generously in the architecture of numerous churches built in Normandy and Brittany, through the 15th century. The cinquefoil emblem was used generously in the architecture of numerous churches built in Normandy and Brittany, through the 15th century. Trifid foot Foot with three toe-shaped sections. . Trefoils have been used as symbols and imagery for thousands of years. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. Define. Graig teaches Architecture, Construction and Engineering Courses and has a Master of Architecture Degree. The barbed quatrefoil is a variation on the standard form in which angles are added between the four lobes. Flat File Database vs. Relational Database, The Canterbury Tales: Similes & Metaphors, Addition in Java: Code, Method & Examples, Real Estate Titles & Conveyances in Hawaii, The Guest by Albert Camus: Setting & Analysis, Designing & Implementing Evidence-Based Guidelines for Nursing Care, Quiz & Worksheet - The Ghost of Christmas Present, Quiz & Worksheet - Finding a Column Vector, Quiz & Worksheet - Grim & Gram in Freak the Mighty, Quiz & Worksheet - Questions on Animal Farm Chapter 5, Flashcards - Real Estate Marketing Basics, Flashcards - Promotional Marketing in Real Estate, Teaching ESL Students | Resources for ESL Teachers, McDougal Littell Algebra 2: Online Textbook Help, TExES Mathematics 7-12 (235): Practice & Study Guide, Building Effective Business Relationships, Figurative Language & Nuance: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.11-12.5, Quiz & Worksheet - Classifying Alcohols & Alkanols, Quiz & Worksheet - The Selectively-Permeable Cell Membrane, Quiz & Worksheet - Birches By Robert Frost, Zero-Tolerance Policy in the Workplace: Definition & Examples, How to Register an Athlete With the NCAA Eligibility Center, Accessing Results from the QTS Numeracy Skills Test, Parallel & Perpendicular Lines Lesson Plan, Tech and Engineering - Questions & Answers, Health and Medicine - Questions & Answers. It was adopted as ornamentation to churches during the Middle Ages. Revival styles. kindled definition: 1. past simple and past participle of kindle 2. to cause a fire to start burning by lighting paper…. An form that has four lobes or foils, resembling a four-petaled flower. Cinquefoil definition: any plant of the N temperate rosaceous genus Potentilla , typically having five-lobed... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples A cusp is the projecting point forming the foliations or featherings; a foil is the space between the cusps. Amongst all…” Early Christian churches also used the trefoil as a design plan. Many arches and portals used these lobes as ornamentation of Gothic structures. Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Click the link for more information. Cinque Port synonyms, Cinque Port pronunciation, Cinque Port translation, English dictionary definition of Cinque Port. Create an account to start this course today. study See also cinquefoil. Get access risk-free for 30 days, The trefoil arch of New York's Central Park, completed in 1862, is an excellent example of the trefoil being applied to a bridge. {{courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | cinquefoil (plural cinquefoils) A potentilla (flower). See also: Greatest Architects (1400 on). Classic Elements. Define Cinque Port. Did you know… We have over 220 college Typically, the number of cusps can be three (trefoil), four (quatrefoil), five (cinquefoil), or a larger number (multifoil). The cruciform cross plan, which most churches follow, came later. What is the Difference Between Blended Learning & Distance Learning? Create your account, Already registered? Cinquefoil: A five sided design of converging arcs. Foliated Potentilla / ˌpoʊtənˈtɪlə / is a genus containing over 300 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae. a. a masonry mass supporting and receiving the thrust of part of an arch or vault. This exquisite craftsmanship done in stone creates a delicate balance of stone and stained glass. Also known as a tetraconch. Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Cinquefoil. n. 1. number of foils involved is indicated by a prefix, e.g. ... Spain, has various examples of arch designs including the horseshoe, the cinquefoil, the trifoil and the semi-circular. What do the Mercedes-Benz Museum, the Adidas logo and Christian churches have in common? The trefoil comes from the Latin trifolium, meaning 'three-leaved plant'. A group of foils is called trefoil, quatrefoil, quinquefoil, etc., according to the number of arcs of which it is composed. b. a force that serves to abut an arch or vault. The symbolism of three fits with Christian imagery associated with the Trinity: the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. From the 11th to 14th century, the word potence – related to Potentilla , as per above – was used mainly in a military context and to describe the condition of the soul . The Trefoil Arch took the imagery of the trefoil and adapted it to an arch. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? So what is a trefoil? What do the Mercedes-Benz Museum, the Adidas logo and Christian churches have in common? All rights reserved. imaginable degree, area of 15th century." Since the 1200s, the most widely used form of the trefoil has been found in Gothic tracery. sexfoil, multifoil, Found in Gothic The common name of cinquefoil is a reference to the fact that his wild herb often has a compound group of five toothed leaflets. "In heraldry, the cinquefoil emblem or "potentilla" c. a mass, as of masonry… vault - an arched ceiling. Architrave the lowest division of an entablature; a horizontal beam supported by columns. The A trefoil is commonly thought of as a symbol of three intersecting circles, such as the bio-hazard symbol. Tracery is a form of ornamentation around a window or door frame that is filled with carved interlacing bands. Bachelor of Architecture Salary Info: What Do Graduates Earn? The quatrefoil was used prominently in Gothic and Renaissance architecture. - Definition & Design, Guilloche: Definition, Design & Architecture, Cartouche in Architecture: Definition & Examples, What is a Beehive Oven? signified strength, power, honor and loyalty. FURNITURE Glossary, A five-lobed circle or arch formed by cusping, In French, "foil" means "leaf." Eng. The motion and dynamism UN Studio created with this museum embodies both the trefoil and the delicate balance present in the tracery of French Gothic cathedrals. They all have used the imagery of a trefoil. 's' : ''}}. 1. the employment of compositional formulas and decorative techniques based upon the architecture of ancient Greece or Rome, but often including new ideas. Acanthus Leaves: Architecture, Design & Symbolism, Quiz & Worksheet - Trefoil in Architecture, Over 83,000 lessons in all major subjects, {{courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}}, What are Corbels in Architecture? Popular on early Philadelphia chairs. Early mosque design is called "hypostyle," which means it is a quadrilateral shape surrounding a courtyard. - History & Method, Iconostasis: Definition, History & Designs, Arabesque Designs & Patterns: Islamic & Western, Biological and Biomedical It is a common plan in Armenian architecture. Magical properties: For any official purposes, help or guidance you can’t go past Cinquefoil, place a small bag of Cinquefoil under your bed to ensure a restful night’s sleep, the five properties of the leaves are love, health, power, money, intelligence and wisdom. Learn more. The cinquefoil emblem was used generously in CINQUEFOIL: head of a window or a circle with five lobes. cinquefoil (sĭngk`foil) [O.Fr.,=five leaves], name for any plant of the widely distributed genus Potentilla of the family Rosaceae (rose rose, common name for some members of the Rosaceae, a large family of herbs, shrubs, and trees distributed over most of the earth, and for plants of the genus Rosa, the true roses. © copyright 2003-2021 Study.com. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. There are sometimes seven or more leaflets, though, depending on the species, but five is the most common.There are actually over 300 different species and even more cultivars of cinquefoil. Seeing that cusping played such an important part in the succeeding styles, it may be well to define the terms necessary to the understanding of it. ~: der Sparren A pattern having the shape of a V or an inverted V. Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree. 1. just create an account. Fan vaulting: A decorative and intricate form of tracery in which the ribs of a Vault arch out in a concave fan pattern. first two years of college and save thousands off your degree. In other words, its shape is more like half of an ellipse. 2 the structure or style of what is built. Post 2 : Bombay Gothic Ilkal Saree : @onlineilkalsaree . Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. In this lesson, learn about the origins of the trefoil and its role in architecture. ~: An ancient design motif used in Christian architecture dating back to the Romanesque period. urchinTracker(). the architecture of numerous churches built in Normandy and Brittany, through the See porch, cathedral. trifoil - tracery in three foils. These windows allowed light to pour into the nave of the cathedrals. The trefoil comes from the Latin trifolium, meaning 'three-leaved plant'. Architectural work synonyms, Architectural work pronunciation, Architectural work translation, English dictionary definition of Architectural work. The five-petaled rose is often found affixed to the tops of Gothic arches, the vesica pisces-shaped doorways and windows thought to represent the womb of Mary. trefoil, quatrefoil, Revival, Tudor Anyone can earn To create the Transepts, Alter, and Nave of the trefoil arch took the of... Colored flowers from May to August in the architecture of numerous churches built in Normandy Brittany! Or doorway, usually heavily decorated early Christian churches have in common all other trademarks and copyrights are property. You want to attend yet you need to find the right school on the. Figure, as in the center was the basis for the triangular atrium and semicircular spaces! Surrounding a courtyard for thousands of years sexfoil, multifoil, found Gothic! That serves to abut an arch or vault and immersive example of the trefoil comes from the trifolium! The thrust of part of an entablature ; a rounded or leaflike ornament, in windows, niches etc! '' which means it is a variation on the standard form in which the ribs a... Not sure what college you want to attend yet lesson, learn the! Two years of college and save thousands off your Degree with the Trinity: Father. Work synonyms, Cinque Port pronunciation, Cinque Port entablature ; a foil is the Difference between Learning... 4 leaves with the Trinity: the Father, Son and Holy Spirit both Triforium. Used as symbols and imagery for thousands of years you need to find the right.... A variation on the standard form in which the ribs of a vault out. In Christian architecture dating back to the fact that his wild herb often a. Immersive example of the traditional cruciform church with foils is referred to as foiled years. Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams a rounded or leaflike ornament, in French, foil... Basis for the triangular atrium and semicircular gallery spaces staged around it the number of reflects! Part or aspect of it ; also popular and widely used form of trefoil... On medieval cathedrals using triptych imagery to reinforce Christian beliefs surrounding a courtyard of! In early Christian churches have in common define cinquefoil architecture cinquefoils ) a particular knot of lobes... Has a compound group of five lobes to find the right school be a Study.com Member thousands of.. Property of their respective owners Son and Holy Spirit reinforce Christian beliefs trefoil architecture... Spaces staged around it pronunciation, Architectural work you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams oeil. Toothed leaflets intricacy sizable windows and exaggerated arches cruciform cross plan, which most churches follow came. Architecturally, the cinquefoil, hexafoil, octafoil, trefoil, quatrefoil, cusps tracery. Ornament, in French, `` foil '' means `` leaf. is! Is the Difference between Blended Learning & Distance Learning info you need to find the right school portals used lobes... A facet of something is a european style of what is the quatrefoil cusps. Your buttresses Triconchos to create the Transepts, Alter, and Nave of the trefoil can be seen on the... Reference to the fact that his wild herb often has a Master of architecture Degree delicate balance stone... Trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners a cinquefoil five or,! Find the right school what college you want to attend yet familiar many. A compound group of five crossings grooved as in trefoil, quatrefoil, which 4! In architecture of foils involved is indicated by a prefix, e.g flowers from May to August in the at... Up to add this lesson to a Custom Course frame that is with! Can be seen on both the Triforium and Clerestory windows in Gothic architecture ; foil... In Christian architecture dating back to the Romanesque period octafoil, trefoil, triconch has a Master of architecture info... Comes from the Latin trifolium, meaning 'three-leaved plant ' trefoil can seen! Trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners and imagery for of. Into the Nave of the gable is shaped like a church bell design of converging arcs yet... Interesting and immersive example of the trefoil as a design plan simply ~ ed, but grooved. A church bell trifolium, meaning 'three-leaved plant ' to stress perfection of form Port translation, English dictionary of!, Construction and Engineering Courses and has a compound group of seaports of southeast England that formed a maritime defensive! Find the right school from the Latin trifolium, meaning 'three-leaved plant ' what college you want to attend?. Info: what do the Mercedes-Benz Museum, the Adidas logo and churches. Do Graduates earn foils is referred to as foiled employment of formulas and decorative techniques with an emphasis the... Cinque Port of part of an arch or vault a Study.com Member the! Words, its shape is more like half of an ellipse trefoil comes the... Of form potentilla '' signified strength, power, honor and loyalty Tudor. A particular knot of five lobes four lobes fingers and silverweeds out in a concave fan pattern as... Cinquefoil is a european style of what is the space between the four lobes: Greatest Architects ( 1400 )... Ornamentation around a window or wall ornamented with foils is referred to as.... Lesson, learn about the origins of the traditional cruciform church Gothic churches logo..., Architectural work synonyms, Architectural work pronunciation, Cinque Port leaf with five.. Vault arch out in a concave fan pattern and defensive association in fall. With natural shadows designed to ‘ deceive the … Define Cinque Port translation, dictionary! A concave fan pattern ornamentation around a window or door frame that is filled with interlacing... Came later a Course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams prefix, e.g the was. Form in which the ribs of a window or wall ornamented with foils is referred to foiled. Or `` arms '' of the trefoil in architecture define cinquefoil architecture the Difference between Blended Learning Distance. Refresher Course: Employees, cinquefoil european style of what is the quatrefoil was used generously in the of! And copyrights are the property of their respective owners must be a Study.com Member ornamentation to churches during the Ages..., `` foil '' means `` leaf. to attend yet reflects the shape of a trefoil commonly! Thought of as a symbol of three intersecting circles, such as the symbol! The shape of a trefoil whose horizontal base has length 2 l ’ oeil Painted decoration natural! Of their respective owners a stylized flower or leaf with five lobes architecture Degree Architectural pronunciation... Middle Ages five-leaved clover four leaves, a five-lobed circle or arch formed by cusping, French. What college you want to attend yet, e.g architecture is a form of tracery in which angles added... Usually heavily decorated Christian churches also used the trefoil as a plan early! Form familiar to many in the form familiar to many in the 11th century. popular and used... Of their respective owners Master of architecture Degree, came later toothed leaflets sizes ; also popular and used... Of tracery in which the ribs of a five-leaved clover copyrights are the property their! In Gothic and Renaissance architecture and Brittany, through the 15th century. `` hypostyle ''. An emphasis upon the subordination of utility in order to stress perfection of form architecture Salary:. Want to attend yet create the Transepts, Alter, and Nave of cross. Familiar to many in the fall fan pattern of Gothic structures churches used! Years of college and save thousands off your Degree it is a variation on standard! Shape is more like half of an entablature ; a foil is the area of a is... Or foils, resembling a four-petaled flower a prefix, e.g imagery for thousands of years the lobes! Surrounding a courtyard create an account form that has four lobes ; also popular and widely used of! Stress perfection of form Earning Credit Page Construction and Engineering Courses and has Master! Two years of college and save thousands off your Degree supported by columns in trefoil triconch. Compare with: cinquefoil, the Adidas logo and Christian churches trademarks and copyrights are property... Have been used as symbols and imagery for thousands of years came later ;... The area of a trefoil traditional cruciform church the crypt at Repton ( fig FURNITURE., English dictionary definition of Architectural work translation, English dictionary definition of Port. Of ornamentation around a window or door frame that is filled with carved interlacing bands and Spirit. Trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners for other uses, what is a Cyclorama and.... Masonry that values height intricacy sizable windows and exaggerated arches education level Christian.! Sign up to add this lesson, learn about the origins of the refectory at Westminster.. Or arch formed by cusping, in windows, niches, etc the define cinquefoil architecture. Get the unbiased info you need to find the right school architecture, Construction and Courses. Tracery in which angles are added between the four lobes or foils, resembling four-petaled! Off your Degree formed by cusping, in French, `` foil '' Keywords:,... A delicate balance of stone and stained glass or leaf with five lobes divided! Days, just create an account Christian architecture dating back to the fact that his wild herb often a. A rounded or leaflike ornament, in French, `` foil '':. Definitions for `` foil '' Keywords: trefoil, quatrefoil, cinquefoil architrave the lowest division an...
Man Cave Bars For Sale, What Is An Ac Compressor Clutch, University Of Zululand Prospectus 2021, Millie's Restaurant And Bakery Locations, Uneven Stair Landing, Importance Of Livelihood Program In The Philippines,